Hej Benjamin
Se fx på:
Crystal Radio
(Crystal Radios, Crystal Set, Crystal Sets, Catswiskers, Science Fair Crystal Radios, Cub Scout Crystal Radio,and much more!)
https://web.archive.org/web/20170702120347/http://crystalradio.net/
fx:
Crystal Radio Plans and Circuits and parts of books
This section contains 174 articles at the present time (articles are numbered)
Many articles have multiple plans!
https://web.archive.org/web/20170629122442/http://crystalradio.net/crystalplans/index.shtml
Publication of the
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS WASHINGTON
(Revised March 16, 1922.)
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A VERY SIMPLE RADIO RECEIVING EQUIPMENT.*
Prepared at the request of the States Relations Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the use of boys and girls radio clubs.
https://web.archive.org/web/20170108134908/http://crystalradio.net/crystalplans/xximages/nsb_120.pdf
("diagram" er på pdf-side 11)
(ingen kondensator anvendes? Mystisk Glemt?)
Med: "About 2 ounces of No 24 (or No 26) double cotton-covered copper wire" menes AWG-24 og AWG-26. Bemærk AWG-26 har mindre diameter end AWG-24:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge#Tables_of_AWG_wire_sizes
(i Storbritannien anvendtes (tidligere?) SWG: https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_wire_gauge )
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
CIRCULAR OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS
S. W. STRATTON, DIRECTOR
No. 121
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A TWO-CIRCUIT RADIO RECEIVING EQUIPMENT WITH CRYSTAL DETECTOR
JULY 17, 1922
https://web.archive.org/web/20170108175115/http://crystalradio.net/crystalplans/xximages/nbs121.pdf
("diagram" er på pdf-side 5)
(condenser = kondensator)
Bladr ned til:
"Farm Economy Supplement
Published early 20's
This radio is almost the same as #120 above, but more detail and upgradable to a tube radio":
https://web.archive.org/web/20170629122442/http://crystalradio.net/crystalplans/index.shtml
Der er flere byggeopskrifter på siden...
.
En bemærkelsesværdig diodemodtager med to koblede LC-kredse; J.W. Miller 595 AM Crystal Tuner (spring afsnittet om "Heathkit CR-1 Crystal Radio" over). Der er også en god beskrivelse af spoler og andre komponenter nederst:
Scott:
Heathkit CR-1 Crystal Radio and Miller 595 Tuner Information
https://web.archive.org/web/20161111141822/http://oldheadphones.com/crystal/info/heath.htm
Citat: "...
Link to Miller Tuner Page (sorry this linked site has been removed, but will try to relocate it) This is a link to a page with more information about another famous crystal radio, the Miller 565 / 595 Tuner. This was my next project. The modified schematic is shown below.
...
Parts List:
...
L3 is the real secret of this set.
..."
Bemærkninger:
* L3 (med C2) fungerer som induktiv LC-LC-kobling.
* De to LC-kredse er IKKE induktivt koblede til hhv L1 og L5(L på diagram). Den manglende induktive kobling er grunden til at C5 og C6 er der. L5(L) er en drosselspole på 2,5mH. L1 er en spole på 270uH.
J.W. Miller AM Crystal Tuner
https://web.archive.org/web/20050308223102/http://users.rcn.com/jbyrns/XtalTuner.html
Citat: "No. 565 Miller High Fidelity Germanium Diode Broadcast Tuner Kit"
( "hovedside": https://web.archive.org/web/20050305125450/http://users.rcn.com/jbyrns/ )
.
Alt om krystalradioer:
Crystal Radio Set Design, Edison Radios, Late 1920's TRF Radios, Antique carbon-type Hearing Aids and early products of Blonder-Tongue Labs:
https://web.archive.org/web/20161211192633/http://www.bentongue.com/
This Section contains 29 original Technical Articles relating to Crystal Radio Set Design. Many have application to areas other than crystal radios such as diode detector power loss equations and the 'linear to square-law crossover point' (LSLCP) of detectors, measurement of diode SPICE parameters, ferrite inductor and variable capacitor Q, impedance matching, headphone impedance and transduction loss measurement, audio transformer loss and measurement, along with many tutorial notes:
https://web.archive.org/web/20161126155048/http://www.bentongue.com/xtalset/xtalset.html
Crystal Receiver links:
http://web.archive.org/web/20060615055518/http://www.thebest.net/wuggy/links.htm
High Performance Crystal Radio Tips
Crystal Set Design Tips From Jim Frederick
https://web.archive.org/web/20241005111320/https://hobbytech.com/high-perf-tips
Citat: "...
The spider coil, the honeycomb, and other exotic variations were all developed to overcome the distributed capacity problems of cylindrical coils. They provide high Q because of their lower distributed capacity.
A spider coil is very practical and easy to build. One that is about 4 inches outside diameter wound with 100 strand #46 Litz will have a unloaded Q of about 400, and an 8 inch one wound with 660 strand #46 Litz wire will have an unloaded Q as high as 1000. The down side is that the radio will be quite large, and the Spider coil will have to be located several inches from any metal objects to avoid lowering its Q.
...
How the crystal detector is connected to the coil and the impedance of the earphones will also affect the Q reduction. In the basic crystal set the diode is connected directly to the coil. A better way is the Hobbydyne circuit which adds a 15 pF variable capacitor between the coil and the diode. This capacitor can be variable if desired, and can be adjusted for more or less selectivity. The Hobbydyne circuit shown below requires a series capacitor and a small rf choke of 10 to 27 mH to provide a dc return for the diode. The classic crystal set diode is the 1N34. However, with high Q coils a Schottky diode will usually work better.
..."
Experiments with Detector Diodes:
http://web.archive.org/web/20060127013140/www.techlib.com/electronics/crystal.html#Diodes
http://www.techlib.com/electronics/crystal.html#Diodes
Citat: "...
The Schottky diodes are the all-around winners if bias is used but they do not perform as well as a germanium diode without bias. Other small-signal Schottky diodes gave nearly the same results as the 1N5711. Other germanium diodes were tried but the results were nearly identical to those shown. (The 1N60 was not available for testing.)
..."
Måske er denne diodetype bedre?:
CDC7630/7631 and DDC2353/2354 Series: Zero Bias Silicon Schottky Barrier Detector Diodes:
https://www.skyworksinc.com/-/media/32F6C69625554D63A70901606771D25D.pdf
backup:
https://web.archive.org/web/20240626164425/https://www.skyworksinc.com/-/media/32F6C69625554D63A70901606771D25D.pdf
Crystal Set Analysis by Berthold Bosch, DK6YY
http://web.archive.org/web/20110211050614/http://www.oldradioworld.de/gollum/analysis.htm
Citat: "...
Note added in Jan. 2002: Backward diodes (BWD), like the [Siemens] TU300 [ datablad: Papirside 494 (pdf-side 386) https://web.archive.org/web/20250608010142/http://bee.mif.pg.gda.pl/ciasteczkowypotwor/%23%20Books%20Catalogs/Siemens%201974%20-%20Industrial%20Types.pdf ], are good detectors at extremely low RF signal levels, below about 1 nW with associated voltages of only a few mV. This is due to the relatively sharp bend in the BWD characteristic at zero volts. The generated AF signal is, however, too small for operating phones directly and calls for an AF amplifier.
...
Historically the first crystal sets, in the pre-broadcasting days, were of the kind shown in Fig. 9a...To increase the selectivity of the set a second tuned circuit was eventually introduced, as e.g. shown by Fig. 2.
..."
-
Contest diodemodtager fra 2003:
https://web.archive.org/web/20111102232154/http://www.oldradioworld.de/gollum/dk6yy.jpg
In searching for the superior passive receiver:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130106211633/http://www.neazoi.com/xtalpage/index.htm
Moderne byggeopskrift:
Build a Crystal Shortwave Radio:
http://antiqueradio.org/econoceanic.htm
backup:
https://web.archive.org/web/20260310064613/https://antiqueradio.org/econoceanic.htm
Piezoelectric Earphones/Crystal Earphones
Ultra-sensitive earphones with 20K ohm impedance and 57 dB sensitivity.
https://sciencekitstore.com/crystal-earphone-piezoelectric/
-
Nogle gamle tidsskrifter med krystalmodtagere:
https://brugtgrej.dk/forum/bddc7ed7-950a-4617-9036-451c3b4e2a4f#3
Fx:
The Electrical experimenter (kan fx downloades som pdf):
http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Gernsback%2C+Hugo%2C+1884-1967%2C+ed%22
Oversigter - man kan udvælge årstal via menu i venstre side:
https://archive.org/details/electronicsmagazines
https://archive.org/details/radiomagazinesmisc
https://archive.org/details/radiomagazines
https://archive.org/details/magazine_rack
https://archive.org/search?query=%22radio+age%22&tab=all
https://archive.org/search?tab=all&query=%22Radio+News%22&and%5B%5D=year%3A%221915%22&and%5B%5D=year%3A%221916%22&and%5B%5D=year%3A%221919%22&and%5B%5D=year%3A%221920%22
Pt kun forsiderne:
https://archive.org/search?query=Modern+Electrics&tab=all
-
Utilsigtet krystalmodtager:
Dansk Tandlægeforening:
DTFnet - Tandlægernes eget net: Hørehallucinationer – fra tandplombe?:
http://web.archive.org/web/20050310135158/www.dtfnet.dk/dtfapp/plsql/visnyheder.er_arkiv?v_redaktion=Dagens_medienyheder&v_nr=6523&v_dato=01+-+2002
Citat: "...
En plombe i en tand var udført på en måde, så den virkede som diode, og ét eller andet sted, formodentlig også i tænderne blev den ensrettede højfrekvens omsat til lyd -- altså en utilsigtet krystalmodtager!
...
DR, P4, Spørg om sundhed, 29.01.2002, kl. 11.03.
..."
-
Folk eksperimenterede med krystalradioer i radioens barndom. En del forspændte krystaldetektoren med en svag strøm, der gjorde krystaldetektoren bedre. En positiv bieffekt var at nogle opdagede en "tunneldiode"/dioder med negativ differentiel modstand ( https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativ_differentiel_modstand ) - en anden positiv bieffekt var at naturlige lysdioder blev opdaget ( https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lysdiode&oldid=11781591#Opdagelse ):
Referencer kopieret fra:
https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superregenerativ_modtager&oldid=11483342
Tekst kopieret fra Wikipedia-artikel:
Crystodyne oscillatorkredsløb opfundet af Oleg Losev i 1923 og offentliggjort i 1924 i Radio News magazine. Crystodyne oscillatorkredsløbet kan fungere som en kortbølgeradiosender ved tilkobling af en radioantenne. De krydsede spoler er symbol for datidens variable spoler (variometer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor#Variable_inductor ). D er en zinkoxid-punktkontaktdiode med negativ differentiel modstand - ved den rette strøm og spænding (justeret med R). B er et batteri.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crystodyne_oscillator_circuit.png?uselang=da
G. W. Pickard, "How I Invented the Crystal Detector". Electrical Experimenter, vol. VII, no. 4, p. 325, Aug. 1919:
https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Electrical-Experimenter/EE-1919-08.pdf
backup:
https://web.archive.org/web/20260218074041/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Electrical-Experimenter/EE-1919-08.pdf
Citat: "...In 1898, when my work in Radio-communication began, there was but one detector—the coherer...In the period 1902 to 1906, I tested many different minerals and combinations, including magnetite, pyrite, galena, molybdenite, silicon and zincite...Oscillating Crystal Detectors. The last word on crystal detectors and their uses has yet to be written. For example, it may be of interest to know that they can be made to OSCILLATE, under proper circuit conditions, and I have found it possible to receive intelligible signals from UNDAMPED wave stations across the Atlantic, on a simple contact between a fragment of galena and a fine wire..."
God information om anvendelse af dimser med negativ modstandskarakteristikker, før de blev opdaget i tunneldioder i 1957:
Cristadyne: Semiconductor archaeology or tribute to unknown precursors:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130317230753/http://www.a-reny.com/iexplorer/cristadyne.html
Citat: "...In 1923, Oleg Losev [O. V. Lossev, Lossew] (1903-1942) ( See link below ) managed to make a high frequency generator using such a detector. But it was polarized. This indicates that this diode had a characteristic curve in which a negative slope was present. And this makes one think of the tunnel effect diode invented a half a century later...These layouts where part of what one called CRYSTADYNE [eller Cristadyne, Crystodyne ] systems. But in those days, the technical performance and industrial ease of the new increasing valve technology made these layouts to be ignored, and then forgotten..."
The Wireless World and Radio Review. October 1, 1924 and October 8, 1924: "The Crystal As A Generator And Amplifier" by Victor Gabel.
earlyradiohistory.us: Radio News, September, 1924, pages 294-295, 431: The Crystodyne Principle:
http://earlyradiohistory.us/1924cry.htm
backup:
https://web.archive.org/web/20260418011157/http://earlyradiohistory.us/1924cry.htm
Citat: "...SEVERAL experimenters have observed that some contacts, such as crystal and metal or crystal and carbon generally employed as detectors may produce undamped oscillations of any frequency, exactly as the vacuum tube oscillator. The same contact may also be utilized as an amplifier. Oscillating crystals are not new since they were investigated as far back as 1906 by well known engineers, but it was not until lately that a Russian engineer, Mr. O. V. Lossev, succeeded in finding some interesting uses for oscillating crystals..."
earlyradiohistory.us: Radio News, September, 1924, page 291: A Sensational Radio Invention By HUGO GERNSBACK:
http://earlyradiohistory.us/1924sens.htm
backup:
https://web.archive.org/web/20260413084344/https://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1924sens.htm
Citat: "...Stated in a few words, the invention encompasses an oscillating crystal...In other words, THE CRYSTAL NOW ACTUALLY REPLACES THE VACUUM TUBE. That this is a revolutionary radio invention need be emphasized no further. [Her var Hugo Gernsback dog langt forud for sin tid]...We can not only detect with the crystal, but we can also amplify with it...we can now also transmit with the Crystodyne, and, as a matter of fact, a number of students in Russia have actually sent messages with such sets over distances of more than three-quarters of a mile during the past few months..."
beatriceco.com: Bell Labs – The Transistor – Other Claims to the Invention:
http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/belllabs_transistor1.html
backup:
https://web.archive.org/web/20131221020408/http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/belllabs_transistor1.html
Citat: "...This effect, he stated, was discovered by Dr W. H. Eccles in 1910, and remarked: “It is hard to realize that it took about ten years for practical active crystal-diode circuits to appear, in spite of Ditcham's reminder—circuits that included both RF and AF amplification...Most of the credit for creating practical devices [of this kind] goes to O. V. Lossev of Russia, whether or not he knew of Eccles' pioneer work a decade earlier..."
Et vigtigt krystalmodtager/diodemodtager kredsløb er en "benny". Løsningen/teknikken virker også på antikke krystalmodtagere. Faktisk kan man sætte det simple kredsløb, som et mellemled mellem krystalmodtager/diodemodtager-udgangen og hovedtelefonstikket:
Diode detectors for RF measurement
Part 1: Rectifier circuits, theory and calculation procedures.
By David W Knight1
Version2 0.09 (not yet finished), 1st Jan. 2016.
© D. W. Knight, 2005-2008. 2013-2016.
https://g6yb.com/g3ynh/circuits/Diode_det.pdf
Citat: "...
The defect is present in most traditional crystal-set designs 20. It results in a peculiar behaviour whereby there is relative silence between stations, but when a reasonably strong distant station is tuned in, it is heard mixed with a strong local station.
The solution is to place a parallel RC network in series with the inductive load, as shown in the diagram below. The network is known as a 'benny', after its inventor Ben Tongue 21. Usual design practice is to use the resistor RB to pad the transducer resistance to equal its nominal impedance value, thereby establishing the detector large-signal RF input impedance. The coupling capacitor CB is then chosen to have a reactance magnitude that is small relative to the transducer impedance (say 1/10th) at the lowest required audio frequency.
...
Notice here incidentally, that the transducer T is shown with a step-down transformer, but a high-Z transducer could just as well be used without a transformer. Also, the tuned input transformer is shown with separate windings for the resonator and the detector, whereas they can be combined.
This sidesteps the question of whether or not it is a good idea to tap the detector takeoff point down the tank coil to preserve selectivity. The answer is that it is not necessary to trade signal voltage for selectivity if a benny is used, because the detector input impedance, and hence the loaded Q of the filter, can be controlled by RB .
..."
Reference 21 "benny":
A New Way to look at Crystal Radio Design. Get Greater Sensitivity to very Weak Signals, and Greater Volume, less Audio Distortion and Improved Selectivity on Strong Signals
By Ben H. Tongue.
https://web.archive.org/web/20161221134954/http://bentongue.com/xtalset/1nlxtlsd/1nlxtlsd.html
Citat: "...
For best selectivity and minimum audio distortion at medium and high signal levels, the DC load resistance on the diode should be the same as the AC audio load.
[]
The solution to this problem is to place in series with the headphones a parallel combination of a 10,000 ohm resistor shunted by a cap large enough to bypass the lowest audio frequency of interest.
[]
When a transformer is used; the parallel RC* (See R3 and C2 on the schematic above.) should be connected in series with the low end of the high impedance transformer primary winding. In this case the resistor should equal the transformed effective headphone impedance (PHI).
[]
Another advantage that accrues from adjusting the diode DC load to equal the AC load has to do with the way selectivity varies as a function of signal level. When the diode DC load is much smaller than the AC load (the case when using a transformer and no parallel RC), selectivity starts to reduce more and more as signal strength increases above a moderate level. The reason is that the detector rectified current increases very rapidly because of the low DC diode load resistance.
..."
